SYLLABUS FOR NEET (UG) - 2026
PHYSICS
UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT
Units of measurements, System of Units, , S I Units, fundamental and
derived units, least count,
significant
figures, Errors in measurements , Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional
analysis,
and its applications.
UNIT 2: KINEMATICS
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph,
speed and velocity;
Uniform
and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
accelerated
motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated
motion,
Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, , scalar and vector
products, Unit
Vector,
Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile
Motion, Uniform
Circular
Motion.
UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION
Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s
Second Law of motion,
Impulses;
Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its
applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static
and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics
of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on
a level
circular
road, vehicle on a banked road.
UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential
energies, work-energy
theorem,
power.
The
potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and
nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic
collisions in one and two
dimensions.
UNIT5: ROTATIONAL MOTION
Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a
rigid body; Basic concepts
of
rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of
angular
momentum
and its applications;The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of
moments of inertia forsimple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular
axes theorems, and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body
rotation and equations of rotational motion , comparison of linear and
rotational
motions.
UNIT 6: GRAVITATION
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its
variation with altitude and
depth.
Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational
potential.
Escape
velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of
satellite.
UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's
modulus, bulk modulus,
modulus
of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications.
Effect of
gravity
on fluid pressure.
Viscosity.
Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow.critical
velocity .
Bernoulli's
principle and its applications.
Surface
energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a
curved surface,
application
of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature,
thermal
expansion;
specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat
transferconduction, convection, and radiation.
UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of
temperature. Heat, work, and
internal
energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
The
second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.
UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic
theory of gases -
assumptions,
the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of
gas
molecules:
Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific
heat
capacities
of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.
UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement
as a function of time.
Periodic
functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase:
oscillations of a
spring
-restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential
energies;
Simple
pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period:
Wave
motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave.
Displacement
relation
for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of
waves. Standing
waves
in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats.
UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between
two point charges, forces
between
multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric
field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric
dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform
electric field. Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to
infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and
its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; potential
difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of
two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors
and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and
capacitances,, the
combination
of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
with and
without
dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.
UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with
electric current.. Ohm's law.
Electrical
resistance.. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical
energy
and
power. Electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series and parallel
combinations of resistors;
Temperature
dependence of resistance.
Internal
resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in
series and
parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.
UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its
applications
to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a
moving
charge
in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force
on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between
two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque
experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil
galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current
loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic
dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a
magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic
substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s
Law, Eddy currents.
Self
and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating
current/
voltage:
reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits,
wattless
current.
AC generator and transformer.
UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics,
Transverse nature of
electromagnetic
waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet.
X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, morror formula. Refraction of
light at plane and spherical
surfaces,
thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its
applications.. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in
contact. Refraction of light
through
a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and
their
magnifying
powers.
Wave
optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction
using Huygens
principle.
Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width,
coherent
sources,
and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of
central
maximum..
Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized
light and
Polaroid.
UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's
observations; Einstein's
photoelectric
equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de
Broglie
relation..
UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr
model, energy levels,
hydrogen
spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation,
mass
defect;
binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission,
and fusion.
UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and
reverse bias; diode as a
rectifier;
I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener
diode as
a
voltage regulator.. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).
UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments
and activities:
1.
Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter
and depth of a vessel.
2.
Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3.
Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the
square of amplitude
and
time.
4.
Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5.
Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6.
Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by
measuring terminal velocity of a given
spherical
body,
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance
tube,
9.
Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of
mixtures.
10.
The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11.
The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
12.
Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection
method.
13.
The focal length of;
(i)
Convex mirror
(ii)
Concave mirror, and
(ii)
Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14.
The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular
prism.
15. Refractive
index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16.
Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse
bias.
17.
Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down
voltage.
18.
Identification of Diode. LED,. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule,
element, and
compound::
Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar
mass,
percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations
and
stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of
the hydrogen atom. Bohr
model
of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy
of the electron
and
radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of
matter, de Broglie's
relationship.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics,
quantum
mechanics,
the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of
atomic
orbitals
as one-electron wave functions: Variation of Y and Y2 with r for 1s
and 2s orbitals;
various
quantum
numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their
significance;
shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules
for
filling
electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and
Hund's rule,
electronic
configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals.
UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic
and covalent bonds.
Ionic
Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic
bonds;
calculation
of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent
Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence
Shell
Electron
Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum
mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important
features,
the
concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs,
types of molecular orbitals
(bonding,
antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations
of
homonuclear
diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
Elementary
idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and
intensive properties,
state
functions, types of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of
work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity,
molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase
transition, hydration,
ionization,
and solution.
The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity
of processes; DS of the
universe and DG of
the
system as criteria for spontaneity. DG° (Standard
Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium
constant.
UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution -
molality, molarity, mole fraction,
percentage
(by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law -
Ideal
and
non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and
non-ideal solutions;
Colligative
properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure,
depression of
freezing
point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of
molecular
mass
using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor
and its
significance.
UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid,
liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria,
Henry's
law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical
equilibrium, equilibrium
constants
(Kp and Kc) and their
significance, the significance of DG and DG° in chemical
equilibrium,
factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect
of
catalyst;
Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes,
ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of
acids
and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization,
acid-base
equilibria
(including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of
water. pH
scale,
common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the
solubility of sparingly
soluble
salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
NIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions,
oxidation number, rules for
assigning
oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic
and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar
conductivities
and
their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical
cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes,
electrode
potentials
including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of
a Galvanic
cell
and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between
cell
potential
and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions:
concentration, temperature,
pressure,
and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of
reactions,
rate
law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and
first-order
reactions,
their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of
reactions,
Arrhenius
theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular
gaseous
reactions
(no derivation).
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN
PROPERTIES
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f
block elements, periodic
trends
in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron
gain
enthalpy,
valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.
UNIT 10: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS
Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general
trends in physical and chemical
properties
of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the
first
element
in each group.
UNIT 11: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition Elements
General
introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general
trends in
properties
of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization
enthalpy, oxidation
states,
atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex
formation,
interstitial
compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and
KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation
states, and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and
oxidation states.
UNIT 12: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands,
coordination number,
denticity.
chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds,
isomerism;
Bonding-Valence
bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic
properties;
Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of
metals
and
in biological systems).
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation,
distillation, differential extraction, and
chromatography
- principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur,
phosphorus, and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation
of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens,
sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations
of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic
quantitative
analysis,
UNIT 14:SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and
p): Classification of
organic
compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals,
carbocations, and carbanions;
stability
of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution,
addition, elimination, and rearrangement.
UNITS 15: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of
preparation, properties, and
reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman
projections (of ethane): Mechanism of
halogenation
of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of
electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen,
halogens,
water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and
polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of
hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides:
Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure
and aromaticity: Mechanism of
electrophilic
substitution: halogenation, nitration.
Friedel
- Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group
in monosubstituted benzene.
UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X
bond; Mechanisms of
substitution
reactions.
Uses;
Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.
UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary,
and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic
substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and
sulphonation.
Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;
Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group,
relative
reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as -
Nucleophilic addition
reactions
(addition of HCN. NH3, and its
derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction
(Wolf
Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of a-hydrogen.
aldol condensation, Cannizzaro
reaction.
Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it,
UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character,
and identification of
primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic
character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES
- Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and
fructose)
and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and
maltose).
PROTEINS
- Elementary Idea of a-amino acids,
peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary,
secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of
proteins,
enzymes.
VITAMINS
– Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC
ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological
functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)
UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic
compounds; Detection of
the
following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl
(aldehyde and
ketones)
carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.
· The chemistry
involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic
compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic
compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
· The chemistry
involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators,
oxalicacid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
· Chemical
principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations
– Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH+
Anions-
CO2-, S2-,SO2-, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble
salts excluded).
Chemical
principles involved in the following experiments:
1.
Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2.
Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3.
Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4.
Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room
temperature.
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World
• What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification;; Taxonomy
& Systematics;
Concept
of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;
•
Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera;
Protista and
Fungi
into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
•
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae,
Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at
least
two examples of each category);
•
Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level
and chordate
up
to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of
different parts of
flowering
plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit
and
seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)
Family
(malvaceae,
Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae).
•
Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems
(digestive,
circulatory,
respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog). (Brief account
only)
UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function
• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell;
Plant
cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell
organellesstructure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi bodies,
lysosomes,
vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton,
cilia,
flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane,
chromatin,
nucleolus.
•
Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of
proteins,
carbodydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action,
classification
and nomenclature of anzymes
•
B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
UNIT 4: Plant Physiology
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition;
Site of
photosynthesis
take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea);
Photochemical
and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and
photophosphorylation;
Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4
pathways;
Factors affecting photosynthesis.
•
Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation
(anaerobic),
TCA
cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP
molecules
generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
•
Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and
plant
growth
rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation;
Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulatorsauxin,
gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;
UNIT 5: Human Physiology
• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only);
Respiratory
system
in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of
gases,
transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders
related
to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
•
Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of
blood;
Composition
of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human
heart
and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation;
Regulation
of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary
artery
disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
•
Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,
ureotelism,
uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine
formation,
Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial
Natriuretic
Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion;
Disorders;
Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial
kidney.
•
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular;
Skeletal
muscle-
contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions
(To
be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders
of
muscular
and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis,
Osteoporosis,
Gout.
•
Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in
humanscentral
nervous
system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and
conduction
of nerve impulse;
•
Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human
endocrine
system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal,
Pancreas,
Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones
as
messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common
disorders
e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes,
Addison’s
disease).
(Imp: Diseases
and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
UNIT 6: Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development
of male and
female
gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices;
Pollen-Pistil
interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of
endosperm
and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modesapomixis,
parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
•
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy
of
testis
and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle;
Fertilisation,
embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy
and
placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation
(Elementary
idea).
•
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually
transmitted
diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and
Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
reproductive
technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution
• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from
MendelismIncomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance
of blood
groups,
Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of
inheritance;
Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee;
Linkage
and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness;
Mendelian
disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans;
Down’s
syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
•
Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic
material;
Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central
dogma;
Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac
Operon;
Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing, protein
biosynthesis.
•
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological
evolution
from
Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence);
Darwin’s
contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of
evolutionVariation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with
examples, types of
natural
selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive
Radiation;
Human evolution.
UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare
• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases
(Malaria, Filariasis,
Ascariasis.
Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue,
chikungunya);
Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS;
Adolescence,
drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse
•
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production,
sewage
treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
• Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering
(Recombinant DNA
technology).
•
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and
vaccine
production,
gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic
Animals;
Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment
• Organisms and environment Population interactions-mutualism,
competition, predation,
parasitism;
Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
•
Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow;
Pyramids
of number, biomass, energy
•
Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of
Biodiversity;
Importance
of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots,
endangered
organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks
and
sanctuaries, Sacred Grov
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